Most of the above apps, as well as the risky apps already mentioned, appear to have been
developed either by amateur programmers or by software manufacturers that are not focused on the security business. Examples of the latter category are developers who make all kinds of apps, are in the
advertisement/monetization business, or just want to have an Android protection app in their portfolio for publicity reasons. Apps made by amateurs can be often spotted in the Google Play Store by looking at the options for contacting the authors. Typically, hobby developers
will not provide a website address, merely an email address (usually Gmail, Yahoo, etc.). Additionally, most such apps
do not provide any sort of privacy policy. Google
tries to purge from the Play Store all apps which lack a privacy policy, which helps to get rid of some low-quality apps. Of course, one should bear in mind that not all apps made by amateur developers are necessarily ineffective.