That is a common error that also plagued Windows Vista to Windows 7 users, Windows 7 to windows 8 users and so forth.
If repair check disk doesnt work, do a clean install of windows 7 (after you have backed up your files). On a clean W7, just do updates and you should be able to do the upgrade.
If the error was at booting up after upgrading, the following commands tend to work:
I would do the repair first and chkdisk but if you have done already the following steps (no missing), then just do a clean install of 7 and then just update to sp1 (unless your image is SP1, which you can still download the iso for free, and just go from there).
Im sure chkdisk guide already been provided but never hurts mentioning it:
If you need recovery disks:
Download here: