That's why we went underground. There were many aspects that we understood and many that we didn't.Maybe, just maybe others are wondering why on earth we would bloody detonate 124 nuclear devices above ground on the planet we all live on?? I wonder too, often...
It was better to satisfy human curiosity through testing and learning the effects in an "controlled environment" rather then unleash it against other nations i.e. during Korean conflict.
Upper atmospheric tests pumped the Van Allen belts which can cause weird effects; surface bursts even though greatly attenuated by the atmosphere might have also had some effects.
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